The Nature of Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Nature of Innovation - Essay Example The guidelines on the issuance of patent rights, government acquisition, examination, and improvement, set up development as a ceaseless sorted out movement of business as opposed to an irregular attack into discontinuous blazes of imagination. Today, it is in excess of a mechanical endeavor; it is, somewhat, a need in national, and worldwide, financial turn of events. Most likely the main relevant meaning of development is that cutting-edge by Schumpeter (1938, pp. 63-66) as tending to be categorized as one of five structures, in particular: (1) item advancement, or new items from the perspective of shoppers; (2) process development, including either new strategies for creation or better approaches for dealing with the conveyance and stream of products; (3) new markets opened up; (4) new wellsprings of crude materials or middle merchandise; and (5) new association of an industry’s serious structure. As indicated by Schumpeter, these five structures all include the change procedure chaperon to development since they lead to â€Å"creative destruction† - that is, old structures are wrecked and new ones rise to have their spot. Different creators will in general arrange contrastingly albeit for the most part similarly; for example, the later investigation of Frame and White (2004) characterizes development into four classes: new items, new administrations, new procedures, and new hierarchical structures. Of uncommon enthusiasm for this conversation is that interface among mechanical and money related development, and how the result of this combination is utilized in the progression of monetary action. While the term mechanical advancement has been so ordinarily comprehended as to be very nearly an excess, the idea of â€Å"financial innovation† is as yet new to numerous and indistinct to some more. The term’s import could be reasoned from the essential capacity of money, which is the help of the â€Å"allocation and organization of financial assets in an unsure environment†.

Religion in the US

Islamic Spirituality In America, the issues of religion significantly impact the level of otherworldliness of the Americans. Individuals are permitted self-assurance in issues of otherworldliness. Otherworldliness is a conviction that gives individuals a comprehension of what they worth and how individuals coincide (Sheldrake 1).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Religion in the US explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Islamic otherworldliness educates about the association of Muslims with Allah. As per the maxims of Imam Ali, Muslims’ â€Å"†¦affairs are joined to the predetermination declared by Allah†¦their best plans lead them to destruction† (Balagha 15). This shows how Islamic confidence instructs about all out association and accommodation to their God. In his Poetry, Rumi says, â€Å"Union with God is better than body comforts† (Coleman Light Breeze Stanza 3) to depict the worth that the Muslims join by submitt ing to their God. Islamic otherworldliness likewise educates about responsibility and commitment towards otherworldliness. The platitudes of Imam Ali show that the Islamic confidence dedication is principal to different things. In his verse, Rumi says, â€Å"You have a soul body; don’t fear leaving the physical one† (Coleman Light Breeze Stanza 5). This further avows Muslims ought to be fearless to practice duty and dedication to their confidence. Islamic confidence additionally educates about the significance of being set up for eternal life. As indicated by Ali, â€Å"Blessed is the man who consistently keep eternal life in his view† (Balagha 44). This portrays how eternal life is basic to the Muslim steadfast. Each Muslim ought to sidestep sins that may isolate him/her from achieving it. In his verse, he uncovers how the Islamic confidence debilitates secularism other than instructing on the significance of grasping otherworldliness for post-existence. Islami c otherworldliness reviles voracity demonstrating how covetousness is debilitated and that the individuals who become voracious, for instance, for influence, cash, and riches are to confront disrespect therefore. Voracity is additionally debilitated by the verse of Jalal al-Din Rumi. He says, â€Å"If you could leave your childishness, you would perceive how you’ve been tormenting yourself† (Coleman ‘Moving Water’ Stanza 7). This delineates torment as the outcome of ravenousness with comfort being the aftereffect of sidestepping narrow-mindedness. They additionally educate about looking for information and wisdom.Advertising Looking for paper on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Imam Ali, looking for information means that how Islamic otherworldliness esteems astuteness (Balagha 80) even from the individuals who don't claim the Islamic confidence. Rumi lik ewise educates on the significance of looking for insight. His words, â€Å"Do not demand going where you think you need to go. Ask the route to the spring† (Coleman ‘Moving Water’ Stanza 10) show that the Islamic otherworldliness esteems shrewdness. Imam Ali and Rumi lessons about confidence Imam Ali and Rumi train that confidence requires constancy. As per Ali, â€Å"Those who have woken up out of a blood â€bath live more and have more children† (Balagha 84). This demonstrates the estimation of tirelessness during threat and troubles with a prize for the individuals who drive forward. They are honored with plenteous life and even property. They likewise train that confidence requires conviction. In his verse, Rumi says, â€Å"Where are those characteristics of courage and sharp empathy in this group?† (Coleman Not Here Stanza 2). Subsequently, for one to have total confidence, he/she requires boldness. In his colloquialisms, Ali trains that con fidence expects one to be enthusiastic and confident of what he/she has confidence in (Balagha 30). Imam Ali and Rumi train that confidence can't flourish in bad faith. In his verse, Rumi says, â€Å"Lukewarm won’t do†¦Not here† (Coleman ‘Not Here’ Stanza 8). This encourages one can't appreciate full confidence on the off chance that he/she is a two-timer. Ali likewise shows false reverence as an obstacle to one’s confidence. Whoever purports a specific confidence ought to accordingly do as such without deception since it tends to be a hindrance to duty. They likewise delineate confidence as a self-will. Nobody ought to be compelled to affirm a specific confidence. In his platitudes, Ali says, â€Å"I wonder at a man who loses any expectation of salvation when the entryway of apology is open for him† (Balagha 87), which shows how individuals ought to have the unrestrained choice to maintain whatever confidence they accept appropriate. Ru mi likewise instructs on the requirement for self-will in confidence to demonstrate how one should be the ace of his/her confidence. Individuals should settle on the decision of having a place and in any event, joining any confidence. This empowers them to be focused on it. Characteristics of People who are near God People who are near God are committed to him. As per Ali, â€Å"Those who surrender religion to better their current situation sometimes succeed† (Balagha 105). This shows how dedication matters in one’s otherworldliness particularly the individuals who are near God who is incomparable to some other thing.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Religion in the US explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his verse, Rumi further avows that the individuals who are near God are valiant to practice duty and commitment to their confidence. They are fit to be mistreated and even to lose their lives for their confidence and association w ith God. Individuals who are focused on God have a profound feeling about Him. As per Ali, â€Å"When Imam Ali was gotten some information about Faith in Religion, he answered that the structure of confidence is upheld by four columns continuance, conviction, equity and jihad† (Balagha 30). This tells the peruser that the individuals who are near God have confidence in Him. Additionally, they are profoundly struck to the heart that He exists and that what He says about them is valid or will in the end occur. In his sonnets, Rumi says, â€Å"Because of stiff necked attitude individuals sit in prison, the caught bird’s wings are tied† (Coleman Moving water Stanza 4). This shows, with a profound feeling about God and his capacities, the individuals who are near Him can have confidence to go up against any trouble that they go through after their confidence in Him. Individuals who are near God are joined together. They esteem their quiet concurrence with others. Sym pathy and love structure the establishment of their confidence and mysticism (Kalchuri 22987). For instance, as indicated by Rumi, â€Å"water courses through, vastness all over, yet contained under a solitary tent† (Coleman Moving Water Stanza 12). The words show that the individuals who are near God esteem the assorted variety of mankind simply like water streams to boundless spots. Additionally, they esteem the association of individuals, as contained in a solitary tent. In this manner, the individuals who are near God have the quality of esteeming solidarity. Ali says, â€Å"Unfortunate is he who can't increase a couple of true companions during his life and increasingly heartbreaking is the person who has picked up them and afterward lost them (through his deeds)† (Balagha 11). This tells the peruser that solidarity of individuals will consistently be apparent from the individuals who are near God: the individuals who esteem others other than being hesitant to mak e adversaries. Advantages to Non-Muslims from the instructing of Imam Ali and Poems of Rumi Non-Muslims can likewise profit by the lessons of Imam Ali and the sonnets of Rumi. Both educate on the significance of solidarity among individuals. This highminded trademark can be learnt and be applied even by the non-Muslims. Everybody would need to be prudent even to level of partner with individuals who like solidarity. Solidarity results to harmony on the planet. Subsequently, all countries can profit by this teaching.Advertising Searching for paper on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The non-Muslims can likewise figure out how to continue on. Steadiness is imperative in achieving one’s objectives or even in culminating his/her confidence. Both Imam Ali and Rumi educate on the significance of diligence in what individuals do or experience in light of the fact that there is consistently a superior compensation for the individuals who suffer as far as possible. As per Ali, â€Å"Those who have woken up out of a blood â€bath live more and have more children† (Balagha 84), which urges individuals to push on during troublesome occasions. This applies not exclusively to Muslims yet additionally to all individuals paying little heed to their strict foundations. Non-Muslims can likewise figure out how to accord others self-assurance in issues of confidence. This will empower them procure profound joys and motivation for their lives (Waaijman 1). They can discover that nobody ought to be compelled to affirm a specific confidence, or even be separated depen dent on his/her confidence. For instance, in his idioms Ali says, â€Å"I wonder at a man who loses any desire for salvation when the entryway of apology is open for him† (Balagha 87). This shows individuals ought to have the unrestrained choice to proclaim whatever confidence they accept is significant. In his verse, Rumi additionally educates on the requirement for self-will in confidence. He says, â€Å"Reach for the rope of God† (Coleman Moving Water Stanza 3). This is a moving message to the non-Muslims to let others join the confidence of the religion they so wish with no compulsion. They should let them go after the rope as opposed to giving them the rope. The message tends to the issue of opportunity of love, which is the call surprisingly paying little mind to their religion. Works Cited Balagha, Nahjul. Nahjul Balagha Quotes Imam Ali, 2009. Web. http://balaghah.net/old/nahj-htm/eng/index.htm Coleman, Barks. Rumi Poetry, 2009. Web. http://peacefulrivers.homest ead.com/rumipoetry1.html Kalchuri, Bhau. Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher, the Biography of the Avatar of the Age Meher Baba. London: Routledge, 1986. Print. Sheldrake, Philip. A

Biography On Linda Crew (motives For Writing Child Essay Example For Students

Life story On Linda Crew (thought processes In Writing Child Essay ren Of The River) About Linda Crew and her explanations behind composing this The writer of Children of the River, Linda Crew, communicates her feelings and brings her past encounters into her compositions. A great deal of writers base their books on close to home encounters; Linda Crew is only a case of one. Linda Crew went to the University of Oregon, since she lived in Oregon for some time before composing Children of the River, which could be a central point in why it occurred in Oregon. She at that point got hitched, had kids and lived on a ranch there. (http://www.randomhouse.com/educators/writers/crew.html) After all, in the book, Sundara moved to Oregon from Cambodia. So Linda Crew presumably loved it in Oregon and needed the principle characters in the book settle there. Talking about Cambodia, when Linda Crew was in Oregon, her companions were Cambodian evacuees who propelled her to compose this novel. (Team, Linda, Children of the River back spread) She presumably asked them how it felt to be Cambodian outcasts and what their past encounters were and how they managed the entirety of their issues. Additionally, I contemplate love on the grounds that when she composed this book, she was infatuated and had recently gotten hitched. She knew how it felt to be enamored and what happens when you?â ¦re in affection. She just expounded on her emotions and how great it felt to be enamored with the opportune individual, much the same as how Sundara needed to pick between being infatuated with Chamroeun or Jonathan. Linda Crew decided to expound on her encounters, her emotions and her companions. Pretty much every creator, on the off chance that you investigate their past profound enough does that with their books. All things considered, Linda Crew is a remarkable creator with astounding books of extraordinary quality. Classification: Biographies

A Poem Without Therapy A Reading of The Wild Swans at Coole - Literature Essay Samples

The Wild Swans at Coole is a poem of equal parts reticence and disclosure. Though the substances are the same, a logic of proportion fails; reticence is disclosure. The poem is about mortality, transience, disillusionment, and loss; more literally, it is about beautiful trees and a lake of swans. The mystery of the poem lies in the intensity and resonance of its emotional charge: one finishes it feeling that an interior has been excavated, laid bare, as in the baldest confession, but of the poems propositional content only one, entirely conventional statement directly addresses the poets feeling: And now my heart is sore. This is not an unbeautiful line, and it is a significant event in the poem; but the source of emotional impact lies elsewhere in suggestion, elided narrative, and especially displacement: the speaker reveals himself through implied contrast with the landscape around him, and particularly with the swans that are the poems subject and occasion.The poems manner is casually eloquent, poised between high and low art. The stanza invented by Yeats begins as a ballad, with alternating lines of tetrameter and trimeter. He adds a final couplet, any epigramatic force of which is muted by the lines differing lengths (pentameter and trimeter), and also by enjambment between quatrain and couplet in all but the first and third stanzas. The stanza rhymes x a x a b b; twice (stones/swans; beautiful/pool) the rhymes are slanted. The casual feel of the poem is heightened by an extraordinarily fluid prosody: by far, the majority of the lines contain metrical variations. Initial truncations, anapests, and feminine endings abound; some lines require elisions for proper scansion; at least one line (l. 21, with its extra foot) seems unresolvably irregular. All of this contributes to an air of extempore rumination, and even the poems grandest moments And scatter wheeling in great broken rings; The bell-beat of their wings above my head hover just this si de of speech. There is nothing in the poem (like the figurative density of the penultimate paragraph of Adams Curse) that crosses unquestionably into hieratic mode.The organizing structural principle of the poem is time. However, the poem does not move chronologically; instead, the first twenty-six lines vacillate between present and past in a restless concatenation, sometimes shifting over the course of a single line. The poem participates in that genre of nostalgic lyric for which time is the great antagonist: returning to a place first visited nineteen years earlier, the speaker finds reflected in the landscape his younger self, and senses between what he was and what he is a difference that can only be called loss. Unlike Wordsworth in the Immortality Ode, Yeats does not cast this loss outward, onto the natural world. Indeed, the first stanza presents a natural scene that is all harmony: the trees are as they should be, beautiful in their season; things are neither too wet (The woodland paths are dry) nor in drought (the brimming water); the sky, like the water, is untroubled, still; and there is a touch even of hermetic order in the mirror[ing] of high and low (as above, so below) on the lakes surface. The prepositions of lines three, four, and five under, upon, among feel exhaustive, as though all possible space has been accounted for and proven sound. Nor are things in any way extraordinary: the easy propriety of The trees are in their autumn beauty attests to the normalcy, the rightness, of the scene. The single note of discord is muted, and perhaps as yet unnoticeable: nine-and-fifty swans gains its proper resonance only with the lover by lover of stanza four.The second preposition of the series, upon, returns in line seven entirely transformed. In line five it was a preposition of buoyancy, its downward directionality balanced by the rise of brimming; here, it is a preposition of oppressive weight. The speaker is passive in the face of ti me. The years come upon him he does not live them or pass them or spend them. The following lines turn to the past, when nineteen years earlier Yeats made his first visit to Coole Park. Immediately, the passivity is broken. This happens, though, not in the verbs (made my count, saw, and had well finished), which hardly signify great activity; the difference is conveyed rather in the swans response to the speakers presence. In his youth (his relative youth: Yeats was thirty-two), the speaker disturbed the natural scene he came upon. Before he could finish counting their number, he caused them to scatter in great broken rings. Scatter, broken, and clamorous all convey disorder: the swans have been scared off. (I suspect that great broken rings also carries some hermetic charge, the significance of which I am not qualified to discuss.) In his first visit to the lake, the speaker was not part of the harmony and order figured in the poems first stanza; to the contrary, he distu rbed it, he was a note of discord. After two decades, he can count the birds at his leisure. The swans, we discover, are sublimely unconcerned: either the birds have grown accustomed to the speakers presence in the intervening years, or part of the loss the poem laments is figured in this inability to disturb a natural order, some lapsed vigor and accompanying threat. The two explanations are not, I think, incompatible; either way, lost to the speaker are the passion and conquest he later envies in the swans.For the first two stanzas the description of the swans is neutral, but admiration emerges in line thirteen, accompanied by the poems central act of disclosure: I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, / And now my heart is sore. The disclosure stops the poem: this is the only sentence that ends mid-stanza. The stanza restarts with an extraordinary performance of a sentence, mirroring, in its remarkably complicated syntax, the temporal concatenation that structures the poem:Alls changed since I, hearing at twilight,The first time on this shore,The bell-beat of their wings above my head,Trod with a lighter tread.The syntax in line fifteen, embodying a particularly dramatic break in that it falls between subject and verb, continues only after a three-line suspension. Moreover, the interpolation itself is broken between verb (hearing) and object. The primary clause is Alls changed since I trod with a lighter tread; the subordinate clause is hearing at twilight the bell-beat of their wings; the first time on this shore qualifies both. The result is a braid the dazzle of which obscures how little information is actually conveyed. Alls changed, the sentence declares, and the elaborate deferral of the verb promises some dramatic elaboration of the claim. One expects a psychological revelation commensurate with the effort of deferral. What comes, though, is like the more direct my heart is sore entirely conventional, as though a great difficulty h as been approached, attempted, and retreated from. Nor does the information conveyed by the deferral seem to justify the force of its intrusion; it repeats the scene already described in stanza two, adding only that it too occurred at twilight. Importantly, though, the swans have been transformed: while before they were merely clamorous, now the sound of their wings is a bell-beat. This image receives the poems greatest aesthetic investment, conjuring grandeur, solemnity, and order.Still, the poem has hit a snag. A stanza has trod water; the speaker has attempted one strategy of revelation, and has failed. Stanza four returns the poem to the present scene, and attempts revelation through displacement, describing the swans in terms that are fully meaningful only as contrastive commentary on the speaker: Unwearied still, lover by lover, / They paddle in the cold / Companionable streams or climb the air. Important here is not just the swans agelessness or resilient vitality (unwe aried), but also their freedom and their suitability for contrasting elements. Companionable is the most striking word in these lines, and it underscores both the ease of the swans in their environment and, especially with lover by lover, the harmony and fullness of their society: each swan has its mate. The adjective is poignant, however, because we suspect that it characterizes a state different from the speakers; it is a quiet revelation of his own solitude. (Lover by lover sparks an unexploited but, I think, undeniable reminder of the number of swans given in line six: one of these creatures is missing its mate. Perhaps to make this loss explicit would tip the poem unhappily toward sentiment, but loss is encoded nonetheless.) This contrastive mode of reading is enjoined also by the next line, which is set off by another syntactical anomaly. Each of the poems stanzas is divided into two syntactical parts by a semi-colon, except in stanza three, where the parts are framed as discrete sentences. In this stanza, though, there are two semi-colons; the syntax of the sentence falls into three parts. The effect is to highlight line twenty-two, a line that must receive its proper and necessary scansion, a trochee for the first foot, in order to resonate with its proper force: Their hearts have not grown old.The third and final segment of the sentence imagines the fullness of the swans lives: Passion or conquest, wander where they will, / Attend upon them still. A curious turn has been effected by the recognition of line twenty-two: while the first three lines of the stanza celebrated the ease of the swans lives, their placidity and society, the couplet envies instead their capacity for disturbance and even violence: passion is not a word of the same order as companionable, or even lover by lover; it denotes extremity, and a loss of self-governance and ease. Similarly, conquest requires violence, or at least displacement an initial disquiet with a new env ironment that is overcome by persistence or force. These lines should, I think, be shocking: these are not the placid, loving swans one expects to find in poems; instead, there is a suggestion of praiseworthy violence, of the brute blood of the air Yeats will conjure so powerfully in Leda and the Swan. This violence is inescapable; the swans true freedom comes from the inevitability of the passion and conquest so necessary to their youthful hearts: they will find them wander where they will.The adversative with which line twenty-five begins suggests the appeal of the swans lives as imagined by the poet, who must tear himself away from his own imaginings: But now they drift on the still water, / Mysterious, beautiful. The repetition of still so quickly after its use as an end rhyme in line twenty-four underscores its presence throughout the poem. It appears both here and in line four in its adjectival sense: still sky, still water. Its two occurrences in stanza four, however, ar e adverbial, and especially in line twenty-four it signifies something quite contrary to the current adjective: the persistence of the potential for disturbance and violence. After their imagined conquests, however, the swans receive their most pacific verb, drift, and as though to undermine his own vision the poet insists upon their mystery. His conjectures as to their lives beyond Coole Park are merely that: conjectures. Surely it is strange, then, that the poem immediately returns to such imaginings, as the speaker considers what seems to be the swans inevitable departure from the lake:Among what rushes will they build,By what lakes edge or poolDelight mens eyes when I awake some dayTo find they have flown away?The shift of tenses is a surprise; the poem has expanded the now/then genre to include a third term in the future tense. The effect is devastating: current loss will not be eased or assuaged, but compounded. Finally the poem speaks to a concrete, if only anticipated, privation, and we have been taught by the poems reticence to suspect that this loss speaks for others. The sentences correction or change of course after line twenty-seven is telling: merely imagining the swans in a continued, if now absent life (Among what rushes will they build) is not so terrible as the thought of that life savored by others. The gender of the men other than the speaker the only human beings present in the poem is not merely generic or conventional; this loss of delight has an erotic edge. Even if it is impersonal, the poet has been trumped by a rival. The future tense offers no promise or possibility, but only deprivation, turning the screw of the speakers unspeakable loss. The poems despair is quiet; its source and the means by which it is conveyed the poems logic of reticent disclosure are revealed slowly, and with much hesitation. The despair, however, is complete. This is a poem without therapy.

The Implications Of Hispanic Satisfaction Of Healthcare...

Theory Implications in Hispanic Satisfaction of Healthcare Delivery Projections that the United States will undergo an unavoidable demographical change by 2043 in which the minority population will be seen as the majority (Colby, Ortman, 2014), has been consistent. The United States Census Bureau (U.S.) (2014) projects that as the largest ethnic minority, Hispanics, will grow exponentially to 128.8 million by 2060 from 53.3 million calculated in 2012 and having profound repercussions in the nation’s healthcare costs. The Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) (â€Å"National health expenditure,† 2014) reports a trajectory that health spending will continue to expand at an average rate of 5.7 percent between 2013-2023 and result in†¦show more content†¦The provider-patient relationship in the Hispanic population is crucial of patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plan, and positive outcomes resulting in controlled disease advancement and decreased morbidity (Betancourt, Beiter, Landry2013). Hispanics continue to be underserved and understudied with the lack of set guidelines to evaluate the efficacy of cultural developments and implemented interventions as proven with the scarcity of studies for review. Concerns arise with the potential a population of this magnitude has incurring economic burden due to non-adherence given their cultural beliefs, practices and socioeconomic status. Disciplines in healthcare delivery would benefit by incorporating cultural understanding in their practice as it is imperative in establishing trust, compliance and patient satisfaction (Martin, Williams, Haskard, DiMatteo, 2005). This paper will incorporate an adaptive framework amenable to the Hispanic culture that can explore and describe contributing factors of patient satisfaction regarding their healthcare delivery. Application of a cultural theoretical framework that evokes reliant provider-patient relationship and will stimulate consideration of possible interventions for the futur e that ensues evidence-based quality outcomes. Cultural Characteristics The Hispanic culture is intricate and understanding the dynamics of behavior, beliefs and practices offers insight for

President Theodore Roosevelt Proclamation and First...

President Theodore Roosevelt Proclamation and First Inaugural Address: The Use of Ethos and Pathos Lisa Weber ENG 530.020 Dr.Mollick December 5, 2012 Inaugural addresses usually follow a farewell address given by the outgoing President. In the book Presidents Creating Presidency: Deeds Done in Words, Campbell and Jamieson’s chapter on â€Å"Farewell Addresses† explain that â€Å"[a] farewell address is an anticipatory ritual; the address is delivered days, sometimes weeks, before an outgoing president â€Å"lays down† the office, an event that does not occur until a successor is sworn in† (308). This was not the case for Theodore Roosevelt for there was no pending farewell speeches planned. Vice-President Roosevelt became president after†¦show more content†¦In the biographical material that Podell and Anzovin have compiled they inform the reader that Roosevelt was once a Sunday school teacher and saw the political platform as a â€Å"bully pulpit† (356). They also express that Roosevelt’s tendency in speaking and writing resembles that of a Protestant preacher, as he stresses t he importance of walking â€Å"towards the paths of righteousness and virtue† (356). Many people did not like the manner to which Roosevelt would present his speeches because he would be seen as being very loud in volume. While walking back and forth he can be seen waving his speech around like a maniac man screeching his voice in tones that were unbearable to some listening. Podell and Anzovin describes William Roscoe Thayer observations to the manner of which Roosevelt dramatized his speeches; that some of the â€Å"listeners were fascinated by â€Å"his gestures, the way in which his pent-up thoughts seemed almost to strangle him before he could utter them, his smile showing the white rows of teeth, his fist clenched to strike an invisible adversary† (356). Theodore Roosevelt loved the attention and enjoyed the art of oratory for he looked for many opportunities to speak in public, especially on issues that he was passionate about. For Roosevelt, speechmaking was a means

Ethics in Ir free essay sample

Introduction: when thinking about how the world works IR scholars usually subscribe to one of two dominant theories, realism or liberalism. One, classical/neo-realist thought, is more pessimistic about the prospects of peace, cooperation, and human progress whilst the other, liberalism/idealism, is more upbeat and sanguine about human nature and human possibilities. In this lecture, we examine each worldview in depth at the end Id like you to think about which, if any, view you subscribe to II. International Relations Theory A. What is theory? One word often used to describe theory is paradigm. According to Ray and Kaarbo, a paradigm is simply a way of thinking about and approaching an area of scientific or scholarly inquiry that is widely accepted within a particular discipline. 1. In other words, a paradigm provides a simplified map of reality; it takes the complexity of the real world and reduces it to a core set of assumptions that make global events that seem so isolated, unrelated and complicated more comprehensible. 2. So thats what theory and paradigms are all about: they help us systematize and simplify a very complicated world. Good theory is generally simple (see Ockhams Razor William of Ockham said [a long time ago! ] that when you have two competing theories that make exactly the same predictions, the simpler one is the better. ), accurate, and elegant. -William of Ockham 3. Note that to be valuable, a paradigm of world politics neednt explain every event. This is b/c theory, by nature, simplifies reality so that certain things are missed. This simply cant be helped. 4. Ray and Kaarbo (p4) make the point that studying theories allows students of international relations to analyze global politics in the future, long after they finish reading this book or taking courses on the subject. When students learn only history or contemporary issues their knowledge of global politics is limited in time because new issues and events are always arising. In short, by studying theories of IR, you will be able to see events in a broader, more analytical, more systematic framework rather than a limited and time bound one analytically, thats vital. 5. In this lecture we will be examining two dominant paradigms in world politics: Realism and Liberalism (along with sub-theories within the same larger paradigm) III. The Realist Worldview A. Lets start with a quote from Thomas Hobbes (1651), whom many characterize as probably the major citidel of the modern theory we call classical realism: -The stylish Mr. Hobbes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Cover of his seminal work, Leviathan Hereby it is manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man To this war of every man against every man, this also is consequent: that nothing can be unjust. The notion of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice. Force and fraud are in war the two cardinal virtues. 1. You should note from the above that realism embraces a more pessimistic view of world politics, state relations, and the possibility of perpetual peace Thats why I started with this b/c Hobbes more pessimistic view of the world really underscores the theory we call classical realism (and which is now called structural/neo realism) B. Definitions and Description of Realist Theory. 1. According to professors Kegley amp; Wittkopf (31), classical realism is â€Å"a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially and unchangeably a struggle among self-interested states for power and position under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interests† 2. Ray and Kaarbo (p4) write that realism is a theoretical perspective for understanding intl. relations that emphasizes states as the most important actor in global politics, the anarchical nature of the intl. ystem, and the pursuit of power to secure states interests. 3. The founding father of this theory is the Greek historian Thucydides, who wrote the seminal account of the war between Athens and Sparta. In his history of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides argues that the war broke out b/c Athens was concerned about Spartas growing power. His writings greatly influenced theorists and statemen alike through the next two thousan d years, including the modern proponents (Morgenthau, Kissinger, Waltz, James et al) of classical and neo-realism 4. In short and in sum, realists see international relations as driven by the unrelenting and competitive pursuit of power by states in the effort to secure state interests. 5. For realists, the most important source of power is military capability, and the acquisition and use of that military capability makes the realists world one prone to violence and warfare. 6. At the core of this theory is that world politics takes place within a context of anarchy (ie the absence of world govt. which is different than how the world of domestic politics functions), which Thomas Hobbes likens to a state of nature. In this state of nature, Hobbes argues that because there are no rules, no laws, no enforcement mechanisms etc, that conflict turns into war (he calls it a perpetual war of all against all) which is why INSIDE countries, people consent (ie the so-called social charter) to live under a government that makes and enforces laws, order, security, etc. In this state, people dont have absolute freedom BUT they sacrifice some liberty to that govt. in order to get order and security 7. In world politics, we dont have this, ergo, realists argue that we live in a state of nature, or in a world of perpetual conflict. Therefore, the violence, chaos, death and destruction that often accompany world politics reflect the war of all against all that intl. anarchy directly implies 8. Realists also assume that states, or countries, are the key actors and determine what happens in the world (Ray and Kaarbo: 5). Ray and Kaarbo (p. 5) add that states can, if they choose, control all other actors, according to realism. 9. State interests, rather than human rights or ideological preferences, are the reason behind every state action. Ray and Kaarbo (p. 5) suggest that it is the maximization of power that is in a states interest. Thus, everything a state does can be explained by its desire to maintain, safeguard, or increase its power in relation to other states. 10. In the world of anarchy and state sovereignty, there is no higher authority to impose order, and there is no intl. 911 number for states to call when their interests are threatened. States must therefore provide for their own defense and protection. Realists refer to this effort by states to defend their own interests as SELF-HELP (usually though the acquisition of military capacity or joining alliances ) 11. In short and in sum, without an intl. orld authority, they must look out for their own interests which realists suggest is all about securing and maintaining their power. To realists, this is the only rational way to behave in an anarchic intl. realm 12. The implications of all of the above for realists is somewhat obvious: war is inevitable this is b/c in a world with no higher power to impose order and resolve disputes, with almost 200 so vereign actors looking to defend their interests via self-help, and where efforts at self-help and self-defense can threaten other actors in the system, states sometimes need to use force to resolve disputes with other states 3. Realists conclude a few other thingsthe possibility of cooperation and change is limited, that world politics is not primarily about good and evil, that power trumps justice, and that the road to order lies through the balance of power a. Ray and Kaarbo site Saddam Husseins invasion of Kuwait as an example of how states act to maximize their power above all else C. The core of classical realist theory is best summarized in the form of 10 assumptions: 1. People are by nature narrowly selfish and ethically flawed 2. Of all peoples evil ways, none are more prevalent or dangerous than their instinctive lust for power and their desire to dominate others 3. The possibility of eradicating these instincts is a utopian pipedream 4. International politics is a struggle for power, a war of all against all 5. The primary objective of every statethe goal to which all other objectives should be subordinated tois to promote its NATIONAL INTERESTS 6. The anarchical nature of the intl system dictates that states acquire sufficient military capabilities to deter attack by potential enemies and to exercise influence over others 7. Economics is less relevant to ntl security than is military might 8. Allies might increase a states ability to defend itself, but their loyalty and reliability should never be assumed 9. States should NEVER entrust the task of self-protection to intl security organizations or intl law 10. If all states seek to maximize power, stability will result by maintaining a balance of power IV. The Liberal Worldview A. As in classical realist theory, I will start the discussion of liberalism with a quote from one of the founders of this paradigm, Immanuel Kant (1795): -The perspicacious Dr. Kant  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚   -Kants towering Toward Perpetual Peace But the homage which each state pays (at least in words) to the concept of law proves that there is slumbering in man an even greater moral disposition to become master of the evil principle in himself (which he cannot disclaim) and to hope for the same from others For these reasons there must be a league of a particular kind, which can be called a league of peace (foedus pacificum), and which would be distinguished from a treaty of peace (pactum pacis) by the fact that the latter terminates only one war, while the former seeks to make an end of all wars forever. 1. You should note from the above that liberalism, or idealist theory, embraces a more optimistic view of world politics, state relations, and the possibility of perpetual peace Thats why I started with this quote by Kants more optimistic view of the world. B. Definitions and Description of Liberal Theory 1. According to Kegley amp; Wittkopf (2006: 28), liberalism is a paradigm predicated on the hope  Ã‚  Ã‚   that the application of reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just, and cooperative world, and that international anarchy [lack of a hierarchy/world government] and war can be policed by institutional reforms that empower international organizations and laws 2. Ray and Kaarbo (p. 7) define intl. liberalism as a theorectical perspective emphasizing interdependence between states and substate actors as the key haracteristic of the intl. system. 3. Liberalism, or what many also call idealism/idealist theory, can be traced back to Kants Toward Perpetual Peace though more recently, in the period b/n WWI and WWII, the major intellectual challenger to the realist paradigm was idealism. Idealists questioned many of the basic tenets of realism and suggested that it would be possible to transform the world of power seeking and war into one in which peace and cooperation among states might prevail 4. Idealism, in contrast to realism, suggests a well-intentioned but utopian perspective that realists believe was out of touch with how the real world actually works which is why the word idealism was shelved for the world liberalism, which couldnt be tarred as fuzzy headed and out of touch 5. Unlike realists, liberals believe that significant global cooperation is possible and that we can move beyond the power politics at the heart of the realist paradigm. 6. For liberals, the key assumption is that peace and cooperation among states can produce absolute gains for all. As long as your state is better off as a result of cooperating with others, the gains of others should not matter realists are only concerned with relative gains (why intl. trade isnt the end all be all for classical realists, esp. if you will empower a rival) 7. BTW, whilst Kant argued that the natural state of humankind is one of war and conflict he also importantly suggested a state of peace can be established. He argues that this perpetual peace can be established, esp. through the (1) the creation of a loose federation of free states whose members were committed to maintaining intl. rder and security, (2) the spirit of commerce which in Kants view is incompatible with war and which sooner or later gains the upper hand in every state, and (3) the creation of republican govts in which executive power is checked by an independent legislature 8. Liberals argue that realist explanations of anarchy and self-help are wrong b/c they miss the REAL nature of world politics in the modern w orld: COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE, which has become the dominant feature of global politics (Ray and Kaarbo: 9). a. Complex interdependence means that there are multiple channels among a variety of actors in intl. politics. b. Where realists see states as the only important actors, liberals see a world where there are a variety of non-state actors (such as multi-national corporations, intergovernmental organizations, and governmental organizations), share the world stage with countries. c. They also argue that multiple issues, not just military security, are vital to the global agenda C. Modern Liberalism based on the following set of assumptions: 1. Human nature is essentially good 2.